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Roth conversions let you move money from a Traditional IRA or 401(k) into a Roth IRA, pay tax now, and unlock tax-free growth and withdrawals later. This guide explains Roth conversions vs. Roth contributions, when conversions make sense, and how to plan around brackets, RMDs, and market downturns. We also break down the backdoor Roth for high earners, plus key pitfalls: the pro-rata rule, the five-year rules, IRMAA, and state tax timing.